Published Papers

• Small, Deborah A., Devin G. Pope, and Michael I. Norton. "An Age Penalty in Racial Preferences." Social Psychological and Personality Science (forthcoming). Abstract
• Norton, Michael I., Malia F. Mason, Joseph A. Vandello, Andrew Biga, and Rebecca Dyer. "An fMRI Investigation of Racial Paralysis." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (forthcoming). Abstract
• Mogilner, Cassie, Zoe Chance, and Michael I. Norton. "Giving Time Gives You Time." Psychological Science (forthcoming). Abstract
• Apfelbaum, Evan P., Michael I. Norton, and Samuel R. Sommers. "Racial Colorblindness: Emergence, Practice, and Implications." Current Directions in Psychological Science (forthcoming). Abstract
• Adams, Gabrielle S., Francis J. Flynn, and Michael I. Norton. "The Gifts We Keep on Giving: Documenting and Destigmatizing the Regifting Taboo." Psychological Science (forthcoming). Abstract
• Norton, Michael I., Daniel Mochon, and Dan Ariely. "The IKEA Effect: When Labor Leads to Love." Journal of Consumer Psychology (forthcoming). Abstract
• Anik, Lalin, and Michael I. Norton. "iPhones for Friends, Refrigerators for Family: How Products Prime Social Networks." Social Influence (forthcoming). Abstract
• LeBoeuf, Robyn A., and Michael I. Norton. "Consequence-Cause Matching: Looking to the Consequences of Events to Infer Their Causes." Journal of Consumer Research 39, no. 1 (June 2012): 128-141. Abstract
• Aknin, Lara B., Elizabeth W. Dunn, and Michael I. Norton. "Happiness Runs in a Circular Motion: Evidence for a Positive Feedback Loop between Prosocial Spending and Happiness." Journal of Happiness Studies 13 (2012): 347-355. Abstract
• Gneezy, Ayelet, Alex Imas, Amber Brown, Leif D. Nelson, and Michael I. Norton. "Paying to Be Nice: Consistency and Costly Prosocial Behavior." Management Science 58, no. 1 (January 2012): 179-187. Abstract
• Norton, Michael I., Elizabeth W. Dunn, Dana R. Carney, and Dan Ariely. "The Persuasive 'Power' of Stigma?" Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 117 (2012): 261-268. Abstract
• Buell, Ryan W., and Michael I. Norton. "The Labor Illusion: How Operational Transparency Increases Perceived Value." Management Science 57, no. 9 (September 2011): 1564-1579. Abstract
• Buell, Ryan W., and Michael I. Norton. "Think Customers Hate Waiting? Not So Fast..." Harvard Business Review 89, no. 5 (May 2011). Abstract
• Aknin, Lara B., Gillian M. Sandstrom, Elizabeth W. Dunn, and Michael I. Norton. "It's the Recipient That Counts: Spending Money on Strong Social Ties Leads to Greater Happiness than Spending on Weak Social Ties." PLos ONE 6, no. 2 (February 2011): e17018. Abstract
• Norton, Michael I., and Dan Ariely. "Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time." Perspectives on Psychological Science 6 (2011): 9-12. Abstract
• Ariely, Dan, and Michael I. Norton. "From Thinking Too Little to Thinking Too Much: A Continuum of Decision Making." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2 (January - February 2011): 39-46. Abstract
• Norton, Michael I., Lalin Anik, Lara B. Aknin, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Is Life Nasty, Brutish, and Short? Philosophies of Life and Well-Being." Social Psychological and Personality Science 2 (2011): 570-575. Abstract
• Chance, Zoe, Michael I. Norton, Francesca Gino, and Dan Ariely. "Temporal View of the Costs and Benefits of Self-Deception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 15655-15659. Abstract
• Rogers, Todd, and Michael I. Norton. "The Artful Dodger: Answering the Wrong Question the Right Way." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 17 (2011): 139-147. Abstract
• Thompson, Debora V., and Michael I. Norton. "The Social Utility of Feature Creep." Journal of Marketing Research 48 (2011): 555-565. Abstract
• Norton, Michael I., and Samuel R. Sommers. "Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing." Perspectives on Psychological Science 6 (2011): 215-218. Abstract
• Mochon, Daniel, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely. "Who Benefits from Religion?" Social Indicators Research 101 (2011): 1-15. Abstract
• Rogers, Todd, and Michael I. Norton. "People Often Trust Eloquence More Than Honesty." Harvard Business Review 88, no. 11 (November 2010): 36-37. Abstract
• Gino, Francesca, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely. "The Counterfeit Self: The Deceptive Costs of Faking It." Psychological Science 21 (2010): 712-720. Abstract
• Mason, Malia, Rebecca Dyer, and Michael I. Norton. "Neural Mechanisms of Social Influence." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 110, no. 2 (November 2009): 152-159. Abstract
• Martin, Jolie M., and Michael I. Norton. "Shaping Online Consumer Choice by Partitioning the Web." Psychology and Marketing 26, no. 10 (October 2009): 908-926. Abstract
• Ariely, Dan, and Michael I. Norton. "How Concepts Affect Consumption." Harvard Business Review 87, no. 6 (June 2009).
• Norton, Michael I. "The IKEA Effect: When Labor Leads to Love." Harvard Business Review 87, no. 2 (February 2009): 30.
• Ariely, Dan, and Michael I. Norton. "Conceptual Consumption." Annual Review of Psychology 60 (2009): 475-499.
• Aknin, Lara B., Michael I. Norton, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "From Wealth to Well-Being? Money Matters, but Less than People Think." Journal of Positive Psychology 4 (2009): 523-27. Abstract
• Morewedge, Carey K., and Michael I. Norton. "When Dreaming Is Believing: The (Motivated) Interpretation of Dreams." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, no. 2 (2009): 249-264. (Winner of the 2010 Theoretical Innovation Prize from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.)
• Frost, Jeana H., Zoe Chance, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely. "People Are Experience Goods: Improving Online Dating with Virtual Dates." Journal of Interactive Marketing 22, no. 1 (winter 2008): 51-62.
• Mochon, Daniel, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely. "Getting off the Hedonic Treadmill, One Step at a Time: The Impact of Regular Religious Practice and Exercise on Well-Being." Journal of Economic Psychology 29, no. 5 (November 2008): 632-642.
• Sommers, Samuel R., and Michael I. Norton. "Race and Jury Selection: Psychological Perspectives on the Peremptory Challenge Debate." American Psychologist 63 (September 2008): 527-539.
• Norton, Michael I., and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Help Employees Give Away Some of That Bonus." HBS Centennial Issue. Harvard Business Review 86, nos. 7/8 (July - August 2008): 27.
• Dunn, Elizabeth W., Lara B. Aknin, and Michael I. Norton. "Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness." Science 319 (March 2008): 1687-1688.
• Norton, Michael I., Joseph A. Vandello, Andrew Biga, and John M. Darley. "Colorblindness and Diversity: Conflicting Goals in Decisions Influenced by Race." Social Cognition 26 (2008): 102-111.
• Ariely, Dan, and Michael I. Norton. "How Actions Create—Not Just Reveal—Preferences." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 2008): 13-16.
• Apfelbaum, Evan P., Kristin Pauker, Nalini Ambady, Samuel R. Sommers, and Michael I. Norton. "Learning (Not) to Talk About Race: When Older Children Underperform in Social Categorization." Developmental Psychology 44, no. 5 (2008).
• Apfelbaum, Evan P., Samuel R. Sommers, and Michael I. Norton. "Seeing Race and Seeming Racist? Evaluating Strategic Colorblindness in Social Interaction." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 4 (2008): 918-932.
• Norton, Michael I., Samuel R. Sommers, and Sara Brauner. "Bias in Jury Selection: Justifying Prohibited Peremptory Challenges." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 20, no. 5 (December 2007): 467-479.
• Ariely, Dan, and Michael I. Norton. "Psychology and Experimental Economics: A Gap in Abstraction." Current Directions in Psychological Science 16, no. 6 (December 2007): 336-339.
• Sommers, Samuel R., and Michael I. Norton. "Race-Based Judgments, Race-Neutral Justifications: Experimental Examination of Peremptory Use and the Batson Challenge Procedure." Law and Human Behavior 31, no. 3 (June 2007): 261-273.
• Cuddy, A.J.C., M. Rock, and M. I. Norton. "Aid in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: Inferences of Secondary Emotions and Intergroup Helping." Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 10 (January 2007): 107-118.
• Norton, Michael I., Jeana H. Frost, and Dan Ariely. "Less is More: The Lure of Ambiguity, or Why Familiarity Breeds Contempt." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (January 2007): 97-105.
• Mason, Malia F., Michael I. Norton, Jack D. Van Horn, Daniel M. Wegner, Scott D. Grafton, and C. Neil Macrae. "Wandering Minds: The Default Network and Stimulus-Independent Thought." Science 315 (January 2007): 393-395.
• Norton, Michael I., Samuel R. Sommers, Joseph A. Vandello, and John M. Darley. "Mixed Motives and Racial Bias: The Impact of Legitimate and Illegitimate Criteria on Decision-making." Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 12, no. 1 (February 2006): 36-55.
• Norton, Michael I., Samuel R. Sommers, Evan P. Apfelbaum, Natassia Pura, and Dan Ariely. "Color Blindness and Interracial Interaction: Playing the Political Correctness Game." Psychological Science 17, no. 11 (2006): 949-953.
• Sommers, Samuel R., and Michael I. Norton. "Lay Theories about Racists: What Constitutes Racism (and What Doesn't)." Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 9, no. 1 (January 2006): 117-138.
• Nelson, Leif D., and Michael I. Norton. "From Student to Superhero: Situational Primes Shape Future Helping." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41, no. 4 (July 2005): 423-430.
• Cuddy, A.J.C., M. I. Norton, and S. T. Fiske. "This Old Stereotype: The Stubbornness and Pervasiveness of the Elderly Stereotype." Journal of Social Issues 61, no. 2 (June 2005): 267-285.
• Norton, Michael I., Joseph A. Vandello, and John M. Darley. "Casuistry and Social Category Bias." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (December 2004 ): 817-831.
• Norton, Michael I., Joan M. DiMicco, Ron Caneel, and Dan Ariely. "AntiGroupWare and Second Messenger: Simple Systems for Improving (and Eliminating) Meetings." BT Technology Journal 22, no. 4 (October 2004): 83-88.
• Norton, Michael I., and George R. Goethals. "Spin (and Pitch) Doctors: Campaign Strategies in Televised Political Debates." Political Behavior 26, no. 3 (September 2004): 227-248.
• Monin, Benoit, Michael I. Norton, Joel Cooper, and Michael A. Hogg. "Reacting to an Assumed Situation vs. Conforming to an Assumed Reaction: The Role of Perceived Speaker Attitude in Vicarious Dissonance." Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 7, no. 3 (July 2004): 207-220.
• Norton, Michael I., Benoit Monin, Joel Cooper, and Michael A. Hogg. "Vicarious Dissonance: Attitude Change from the Inconsistency of Others." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 1 (July 2003): 47-62.
• Monin, Benoit, and Michael I. Norton. "Perceptions of a Fluid Consensus: Uniqueness Bias, False Consensus, False Polarization and Pluralistic Ignorance in a Water Conservation Crisis." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29, no. 5 (May 2003): 559-567.
• Fein, Steven, Seth J. Morgan, Michael I. Norton, and Samuel R. Sommers. "Hype and Suspicion: The Effects of Pretrial Publicity, Race, and Suspicion on Jurors' Verdicts." Journal of Social Issues 53 (fall 1997): 487-502.

Book Chapters

• Anik, L., L. B. Aknin, M. I. Norton and E. W. Dunn. "Feeling Good about Giving: The Benefits (and Costs) of Self-interested Charitable Behavior." In The Science of Giving: Experimental Approaches to the Study of Charity, edited by D. M. Oppenheimer and C. Y. Olivola. Psychology Press, 2010. Abstract
• Chance, Zoe and Michael I. Norton. "I Read Playboy for the Articles: Justifying and Rationalizing Questionable Preferences." In The Interplay of Truth and Deception, edited by M. S. McGlone and M. L. Knapp. Routledge, 2008.

Other Papers

• Kuziemko, Ilyana, Ryan W. Buell, Taly Reich, and Michael I. Norton. "'Last-place Aversion': Evidence and Redistributive Implications." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 17234, August 2011. Abstract
• Cuddy, Amy J.C., Susan Crotty, Jihye Chong, and Michael I. Norton. "Men as Cultural Ideals: How Culture Shapes Gender Stereotypes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-097, May 2010. Abstract
• Chance, Zoe, and Michael I. Norton. "'I read Playboy for the Articles': Justifying and Rationalizing Questionable Preferences." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-018, September 2009.
• Anik, Lalin, Lara B. Aknin, Michael I. Norton, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Feeling Good about Giving: The Benefits (and Costs) of Self-Interested Charitable Behavior." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-012, August 2009. Abstract

HBS Course Materials

• Moon, Youngme E., Michael I. Norton, and David Chen. "(PRODUCT) RED (A)." Harvard Business School Case 509-013.
• Moon, Youngme E., Michael I. Norton, and David Chen. "(PRODUCT) RED (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 509-014.
• Norton, Michael I., and Youngme E. Moon. "(PRODUCT) RED (TN) (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 509-054.
• Moon, Youngme E., and Michael I. Norton. "(PRODUCT) RED Video (A) & (B)." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 509-724.
• Norton, Michael I., Fiona Wilson, Jill Avery, and Thomas J. Steenburgh. "Better World Books." Harvard Business School Case 511-057.
• Norton, Michael I., Fiona Wilson, Jill Avery, and Thomas Steenburgh. "Better World Books Video." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 512-701.
• Keinan, Anat, Jill Avery, Fiona Wilson, and Michael I. Norton. "EILEEN FISHER: Repositioning the Brand." Harvard Business School Case 512-085.
• Norton, Michael I., Julian Villanueva, and Luc Wathieu. "elBulli: The Taste of Innovation." Harvard Business School Case 509-015. (Also available in Spanish: 509S01-PDF-SPA.)
• Norton, Michael I., Julian Villanueva, and Luc Wathieu. "elBulli: The Taste of Innovation (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 509-055.
• Norton, Michael I., and Jeremy Dann. "Local Motors: Designed by the Crowd, Built by the Customer." Harvard Business School Case 510-062.
• Norton, Michael I. "Note on Evaluating Empirical Research." Harvard Business School Note 512-019.
• Norton, Michael I., and Jill Avery. "The Pepsi Refresh Project: A Thirst for Change." Harvard Business School Case 512-018.
• Steenburgh, Thomas J., and Michael I. Norton. "Pitch Yourself!" Harvard Business School Exercise 508-039.
• Ofek, Elie, Thomas J. Steenburgh, Michael I. Norton, and Kerry Herman. "RKS Guitars." Harvard Business School Case 507-003.
• Norton, Michael I., and Thomas J. Steenburgh. "Sell Yourself!" Harvard Business School Exercise 507-045.
• Steenburgh, Thomas J., and Michael I. Norton. "Sell Yourself! (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 507-069.
• Norton, Michael I., Luc Wathieu, Betsy Page Sigman, and Marco Bertini. "What's the Deal with LivingSocial?" Harvard Business School Case 512-065.